Krill: The New Youth-Preserver from Under the Sea

Krill Oil Is it Too Good to Be True?
As seen in Woman's World Magazine (May 25, 2004)

Krill have a unique oil that is rich in Omega-3 fatty acid, which repairs aging cells so well, studies show it's up to 300 times more rejuvenating than vitamins A and E!"

This claim was derived from the ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) studies, which measure the antioxidant power of various nutrients. The ORAC Value chart below shows that Krill Oil has an ORAC value which is 300 times as high as either vitamin A or vitamin E.

Krill is a Norwegian word that mean "whales food". The krill (Euphausia superba), a small shrimp like crustacean . The Krill is the most important zooplankton species associated with the sea ice and plays a key role in the Antarctic food web.

A teacher and his assistant at the Sherbrooke University (Quebec) in Canada discovered an innovative low temperature process to extract Krill Omega 3 Oil from the Antarctic Krill. They succeed where the Japanese failed in the 80's. This patented process enables them to preserve all the bioactive elements from the Krill. The Krill Omega 3 6 9 oil and & Protein natural health supplements; clinical test has been done since 1999, and the incredible beneficial effect on both the body and the mind has been proven. Krill Oil Omega 3 natural health supplement product is approved by the FDA.

The Krill Oil product is approved by the FDA. The krill, a bio-resource with the unsuspected virtues.

Property
Rich in vitamins and minerals abundant in estuary of the St. Lawrence, the krill, small shellfish whose the whales nourish themselves, makes an entry noticed in industry of the food supplements and the new natural products of health.

The power of the active ingredients which are in the krill makes it possible to see several outlets on the medical level. Studied in particular for its antioxidant properties and anti-inflammatory drugs, the product reveals month after month, study after study, its curative power.

"In fact especially the excellent properties anti-inflammatory drugs of oil of krill are interesting. We know that inflammation is caused by omega 6 in our diet. We cannot escape to them because the vegetables, oil vegetable and several food which is good for our health contain some. The way of countering them is include much omega 3 in our diet ", explains Dr. Tina Sampalis

The clinical studies whose results were published in the American review Alternative Medicine Review showed an improvement of the condition, as well physical as psychological, women with the catches with the symptoms of the premenstrual syndrome (irritability, tiredness, pains with the articulations and the centres, etc.) and the dysmenorrhoea (painful menstruations).

A second clinical study, bearing on the effects of oil of krill on the triglyceride and cholesterol level comes supplemented, but the results not published yet.

Another clinical research is at present in hand with Institut of cardiology of Montreal, under the supervision of Dr. Tardif.

The catch oil of krill improved intellectual promptness and the concentration among people called to make a professional work. Several testimonys were collected, in particular about amelioration of the problems articulations among the sportsmen, in particular golfers, and of the problems of concentration in the children.

The krill is "a perfect receipt of nature", because it contains all that is necessary to the maintenance of health.

The solution for:

1. Relief of the premenstrual syndrome and the dysmenorrhoea
2. Rheumatoid Arthritis 
3. Stimulating the immune system
4. Cardiovascular problems
5. Lowering bad cholesterol
6. Articulations problems
7. Memory and concentration problems
8. Ingredient in functional food problems

Krill contains all of the essential amino fatty acids required by salmon and trout to survive. In effect it exceeds their daily requirements of amino fatty acids. In addition it contains abundant proportions of highly unsaturated fatty acids, a large part of which are the Omega 3 fatty acids which comprise approximately 40% by weight of all fatty acids contained in the organism. Omega 3 fatty acids have been demonstrated to be essential in diets that promote growth and survival of most cultured species.

Krill is also rich in pigment astaxanthin, a carotenoid shown to improve flesh color and exterior coloration of ornamental fish. Krill contains on the average 100 to 300 parts per million (ppm=mg/1) of this carotenoid. It is this pigment that gives the Salmon and other species their firm red-pink better tasting flesh. Superior flesh color and taste is a proven result of feeding Krill over commercially prepared diets that do not contain it.

Other research indicates that Krill, added to the diet of salmon and trout brood stock, has a direct effect on healthier eggs and offspring, reducing losses and fungal diseases.

Other applications are in the manufacturing of micro encapsulated food for post larval shrimp and prawn diets, various specialty diets for marine and tropical fish feeds and as a taste attractant in commercial diets to enhance feeding. many public and research aquariums use plankton whole and as a supplement for numerous aquatic species. Future uses include fish bait, health food supplement and food for humans.

The Most Effective Antioxidant in the World

Krill Oil offers a rich source of unique phospholipids, powerful anti-oxidants, the two most essential Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) and a good source of choline. Phospholipids are the building blocks of every cell in the human body including nerve cells, blood vessels, tissues, and skin. They protect the body from toxic injury and free-radical attack.

The krill is a small shrimp-like marine crustacean. There are 85 types of krill present in the world's oceans, the most abundant is the Antarctic Krill (Euphasia Superba).

They are eaten by fish, birds, and especially baleen (whale-bone) whales. Large whales, such as the humpback, can consume as much as 2 tons of krill each day.

The krill are of great importance as a source of protein, and are probably the most underused biomass on earth.

Krill Oil provides a rich source of esterified astaxanthin extracted from Antarctic krill. Astaxanthin has a unique and superior antioxidant capacity. Astaxanthin has been scientifically proven 10 times more effective as an antioxidant than carotene and 100-500 times more effective than Vitamin E. Independent ORAC evaluation confirms that the antioxidant capacity of Pur Krill Oil is more than 300 times greater than that of measured Vitamin A and Vitamin E and 48 times greater than Omega-3 18:12 fish oil.

In human studies, Krill supplementation supported healthy joints, the heart, lipid and blood sugar levels, energy production, athletic performance, liver function, and eased women's PMS symptoms.

Krill (Euphasia pacifica) is a small shrimp or prawn-like crustacean found in abundance in the pristine waters of the Antarctic. Krill oil has a unique phospholipid structure that makes it's essential fatty acid content of EPA & DHA highly bioavailable for use in the brain and cell membranes throughout the body.

First of all, krill oil offers an ideal ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 at approximately 15:1 in favor of omega-3. It is primarily this 15:1 ratio that makes krill oil, in my opinion, a superior source of omega-3 essential fatty acids.
This ratio provided by krill oil, over time, can help restore the omega-3:omega-6 imbalance that plagues most Americans and contributes substantially to numerous health problems like prostate cancer. Krill oil also contains appropriate levels of omega-9 essential fatty acids. Omega-9 EFAs are often left out of other omega products like those found in many fish oil supplements.

A second reason why I feel krill oil is a superior form of omega essential fatty acids is that krill oil naturally contains a unique flavonoid and a powerful carotenoid antioxidant, astaxanthin. These nutrients are valuable for prostate health, have been determined to be up to 550 times more powerful than vitamin E, and in other specialized test appear to be superior in antioxidant protection to lycopene and co-enzyme Q10. Though it should be noted that vitamin E, lycopene, and co-enzyme Q10 are all valuable to prostate health. In krill oil, an astaxanthin ester is naturally attached to the EPA omega-3, allowing for direct delivery of these nutrients into the cell nucleus and the mitochondria.

A third reason why I understand krill oil to be superior to fish oil is that krill oil contains 40% phospholipids, while most fish oil sources do not provide any phospholipids at all. Phospholipids are an essential and primary constituent to the cell membranes of every cell in the body. On the other hand, the omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oils are highly unsaturated and, although valuable, may easily undergo oxidation (i.e. biological "rusting"). The proper form of vitamin E found in many fish oil products will help to reduce this oxidation process, but the more powerful antioxidants found naturally in krill oil, in my opinion, are significantly superior at retarding any possible oxidation.

The phospholipid fatty acid profile of krill oil closely resembles that of phospholipids found in the human brain. As a result, this complex easily traverses the blood brain barrier, enriches brain neural tissue, and potentially provides cognitive support as some research has suggested. This unique complex of krill oil also allows the essential fatty acids molecules to pass intact to the small intestine, maintaining the integrity of the fatty acids and thereby minimizing any regurgitation effect. Furthermore, these phospholipids combine with the antioxidant compounds to highly minimize the peroxidation of the fatty acids.

Why Choose Antarctica Select Krill Oil?

Nutritionists and Health Professionals readily agree that the health benefits of Omega-3s are essential to people today. Young and old benefit from the powerful oil found in Antarctica Select, rich in EPA and DHA. Antarctica Select is the best choice for you and your family in maintaining a well-balanced diet.

Krill oil has a higher content of Omega 3 fatty acids than fish oils and some antioxidants that are not found in other products. It will not cause gastrointestinal difficulty or aftertaste. It is suggested that the mercury content in fish oil may cancel out any benefits derived from it, but krill oil is free of all toxic elements.

Krill oil is free of pollutants such as mercury and other heavy metals. In addition to Omega-3 (well known for it’s effect upon cardiovascular health), krill oil has powerful antioxidants, shown to be effective in preventing the common signs and symptoms of aging, and phospholipids, critical for the maintenance of cell membranes and normal hormone regulation--something that ordinary fish oil does not have.

Krill Oil Omega 3 6 9 fatty acid & Protein Natural Health Supplement

Krill Oil Omega 3 & Protein natural health supplements in soft gels, it is an excellent and complete natural source of Omega 3 6 9 essential fatty acid (Krill Oil Omega 3 natural health supplement, naturally contains a ratio of 15 Omega 3 EPA and DHA for 1 Omega 6 in each soft gels.), powerful antioxidant (ant aging properties), phospholipids and more. Krill Oil is better than ordinary fish oil, cause it contains antioxidant and sometimes fish oil may contains heavy metals and other contaminants.

100% natural source -- Krill Products may help with:

1. Lower bad cholesterol
   
2. Boost immune system
   
3. Powerful antioxidant action 
4. Increases body energy
   
5. Arthritis joint pain/stiffness relief
   
6. Helps digestive functions 
7. PMS relief of PMS symptom 
8. UV sun ray protection (promises against skin cancer)
   
9. Krill Omega 3 Oil Health Supplement is 300 x more ant aging than Vitamin A & E
10. Omega 3-6-9 fatty acid (EPA and DHA)
    
11. Support protective cell membrane
    
12. Increases concentration/brain function
    
13. Vitamin Supplement is mercury and pollutants free
    

STUDIES

Antioxidants, such as those found in Krill Oil, neutralize free radicals that damage cells and tissues. Scientific evidence suggests that antioxidants are a cornerstone in the prevention of cancer and that they seem to play an important role in the prevention of Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s, as well as slowing the aging process.

The antioxidants in Krill Oil are up to 550 times more powerful than vitamin E. Specialized tests (ORAC have demonstrated excellent antioxidant power, superior to lycopene and co-enzyme Q10.

In addition to the antioxidant properties of Krill Oil, the ingredients have been shown to be effective in the treatment of:

• Pre Menstrual Syndrom and Menopause
• Hyperlipidemia - Hyperlipidemia is an elevation of lipids (fats) in the bloodstream. These lipids include cholesterol, cholesterol esters (compounds), phospholipids and triglycerides. They're transported in the blood as part of large molecules called lipoproteins.
• Skin Cancer Prevention
• The results of the following clinical trial demonstrates that daily doses of 1-3 g krill oil are significantly more effective than 3 g EPA/DHA fish oil in the management of hyperlipidemia. Furthermore, a maintenance dose of 500 mg krill oil is significantly effective for long-term regulation of blood lipids. The unique molecular composition of krill oil, which is rich in phospholipids, omega- 3 fatty acids, and diverse antioxidants, surpasses the profile of fish oils and offers a superior approach toward the reduction of risk for cardiovascular disease.

Below, you will find four tables that clearly demonstrate the results of taking from 1 gram to 3 grams of Krill Oil per day. The numbers in the tables show you the starting average of the people in the study and testing after 90 days of supplementing with Krill Oil. You will see the positive benefits of lowering "Bad" Cholesterol and raising "Good" Cholesterol as well as helping to decrease triglycerides.

KRILL AS A SOURCE OF MINERALS

Krill has a low content of ash making ideal for fresh water feeds. It is lower in content of phosphorus than other marine based meals such as shrimp or fish meal. Its calcium/phosphorus ratio is near to 1,5:1 which favors the absorption of both minerals, and it is significantly lower compared to fish or crustacean meals (3 or 4:1).
Krill is a rich source of bioavailable minerals.

Minerals are nutrients that perform essential biological functions, both as enzymatic cofactors and as regulators of the immune system. The degree of bioavailability of minerals will have a significant effect on the physiological and immunological fitness of the animal. Organic minerals are more bioavailable than inorganic ones, since the first are chelated with aminoacids, peptides or proteins that avoid antagonims in their active transport.

Of all the minerals present in krill, some deserve special mention. Copper, which in krill is concentrated at a rate ten times higher than in fish meal, is found chelated with resides of lysine and has an important role in the formation of collagen and in the integrity of fin and skin. Selenium, which is also more highly concentrated in krill than in fish meal, is an important player in the cellular antioxident systems (glutathione system).

Here are the summaries and excerpts from the studies behind the claims in the article: "The new youth-preserver from under the sea" which appeared in the May 25, 2004 issue of Woman's World Magazine.

Anti-Aging Ingredient
From Woman's World: "Krill have a unique oil that is rich in omega 3 fatty acid, which repairs aging cells so well, studies show it's up to 300 times more rejuvenating than vitamins A and E!"
 
This claim was derived from the ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) studies, which measure the antioxidant power of various nutrients. The ORAC Value chart below shows that Krill Oil has an ORAC value which is 300 times as high as either vitamin A or vitamin E.

Multiple Benefits of Krill
Krill Oil has many benefits. Unlike fish oil products,  Krill Oil doesn't contain dangerous levels of mercury or lead, doesn't go rancid quickly and has a clean, fresh taste.

Made from hearty krill, shrimp-like crustaceans that thrive in the harsh Antarctic waters,  Krill Oil is the only product to contain phospholipids specially integrated with omega-3 essential fatty acids. This unique structure provides important cell membrane building blocks in the ratios used by the body and may be far better utilized than standalone phospholipids or omega-3 products. The result: stronger cell membranes that function better to maintain your health.

The desirable composition of Krill Oil, high in omega-3 essential fatty acids, also provides a healthy balance. High levels of omega-6 fatty acids, such as from processed foods, enable your cell membranes to initiate over production of certain prostaglandins that can lead to cellular irritation, heart system imbalances and other concerns. But omega-3 fatty acids can reverse that trend. Omega-3 fatty acids such as DHA and EPA (docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids) compete with arachidonic acid for building blocks, such as the COX-2 enzyme, and can instead lead to balanced levels of the many different types of prostaglandins. The result: cellular comfort, heart health and many other healthy body systems.

Krill Oil also contains natural antioxidants, which are cell membrane protectors. Each serving contains 100 IU of vitamin A and a very high level, 1.5 mg, of astaxanthin, an immune-supporting carotenoid, which can be used to guard your cell membranes from free radical damage.

Support Your Protective Cell Membranes

Krill Oil is the only product to boast significant health­inducing potencies from three different important nutritional categories: omega­3 fatty acids, phospholipids and antioxidants. These three nutrients work together to support healthy cell membranes, joints, the heart and many other body systems. And  Krill Oil eases PMS symptoms for women.

Proven ability to make women feel younger

Woman's World said: "Krill oil is so potent, women who took it for three months reported a 51% boost in energy, alertness, memory, concentration and stamina in a recent Canadian study. And almost 100% described having a greater sense of well-being and happiness -- plus a 31% reduction in aches and pains!"

These figures were derived from a quality of life study comparing the benefits of  Krill Oil to Fish Oil. The quality of life study was done in conjunction with the Phase II clinical trial "Evaluation of the effectiveness of Krill O on the clinical management of Hyperlipidemia." In the study, 120 participants, including both men and women, took either 1.0 to 1.5 grams of krill oil per day (based on their BMI [body mass index]) or 3.0 grams per day of fish oil. They took a 36-question standardized survey at the end of 30 days, 90 days, and 180 days. This survey measured the patients physical function, fatigue, pain, social function, emotional role, mental capacity, general health and physical appearance. The survey, in use since 1998 and published in over 4,000 different studies, was designed to provide statistically valid results.

Please note that study participants took 2 or 3 -- 500 mg krill oil softgels daily for a period of 90 days to obtain the results reported in Woman's World. Those with a BMI less than 32 took 2 softgels daily; those with a BMI greater than 32 took 3 softgels daily.

Wrinkle-fighting power
Woman's World reports: "Woman who downed krill oil in clinical trials reported an improvement in the look and feel of their hair, skin and nails, along with a 58% reduction in wrinkling, redness and other skin problems."
This result was obtained in the Hyperlipidemia trial of 120 patients after taking krill oil for a period of 180 days at a dose of 1.5 grams per day (3 - 500 mg softgels per day) for the first 30 days, then 0.5 grams per day (1 softgel) for the remainder of the study period.

Impressive health benefits

As reported in Woman's World: "Study subjects who started taking krill saw their levels of artery-clogging LDL cholesterol plunge 44% and their triglycerides drop 20%, while levels of artery-clearing HDLs soared 38%. That's enough to cut your heart attack risk in half!"

From the study "Evaluation of the effectiveness of Krill oil on the clinical management of Hyperlipidemia", the chart below shows the effect after the first 90 days of taking krill oil at a dose of 1 gram (2 softgels) per day for the first 30 days, than 0.5 grams (1 softgel) per day thereafter.

These results were reported for the Hyperlipidemia study of 120 men and women who took 2 - 500 mg softgels of krill oil for 30 days, then a dose of 1 - 500 mg softgel for an additional 60 days. This study was designed as a prospective, randomized double blind phase II clinical trial.

Lack of side effects
Woman's World reports: "Although the study-proven dose is 500 mg. daily, patients have taken up to 20 times more without negative effects."

In a number of cases, the initial dose was actually 2 to 3 -- 500 mg softgels, with no side effects reported. One trial group in the Hyperlipidemia study used an dose of 3 gm (6 softgels) for the initial 30 days.

Long-term Krill Oil safety has been evaluated with a 6-month animal study using mice. Six months in mice lifespan is equivalent to 27 human years. The mice were fed krill oil amounting to 16.6% of their daily diet. Human equivalent dosage corresponds to 23.1 grams of krill oil (for a 70kg or 154 pound person) or 7 – 11 times the recommended dose. No adverse effects were reported. No pathological findings upon examination of brain, lungs, heart, stomach, pancreas, liver, kidneys, uterus / prostate, intestine, or skin.

The results of the present toxicity assessment confirm that Krill Oil can be considered as safe for human consumption even at 2 to 3 times the highest recommended dose.

Note: People with a known allergy to fish or seafood were not tested in this study. The precaution remains that in the case of fish or seafood allergies, professional allergy testing is advised prior to consumption of  Krill Oil.

Krill Oil: Marine Oil full of Life's Necessities

Krill are the world's largest animal biomass. They feed the largest animal in the world, the blue whale. Krill Oil extracted from these shrimp-like crustaceans contains many nutrients essential to living creatures. Krill Oil contains three important phospholipids; phosphatidylcholine, phos phatidylinositol, and phosphatidylethanolamine These phospholipids contain a high proportion of EPA and DHA, and resemble human brain phospholipids. DHA is so essential to infant brain development that it is now being added to infant formulas. It is no wonder that Krill oil is the most sought after marine oil on the market today. This nutraceutical oil should be a staple for old and young alike.

Krill Oil Has Many Benefits

Remember that the human brain contains the most phospholipid rich membranes in the body, especially high in DHA for membrane fluidity. Krill Oil's phospholipids naturally contain EPA and DHA, that hold the membranes in healthy balance against toxic, oxidative, and inflammatory attack. As a matter of fact, the phospholipids are bound to astaxanthin, known to cross the blood-brain barrier! Since the phospholipids in Krill, including phosphatidyl choline, are natural emulsifiers, they facilitate the digestion and absorption of the healthy lipids in Krill Oil. While practically all choline supplements are derived from plant sources such as soy, choline from Krill is animal based.

Is Krill Oil Easily Oxidized?

Omega 3 Fatty Acids are known to be sensitive to oxidation, however because nature provided Krill with many powerful antioxidants, Krill Oil is remarkably stable. In addition to its high omega 3 to omega 6 profile, Krill Oil contains a rich network of antioxidants including Vitamin E, all trans retinol Vitamin A, beta carotene and the carotenoid relatives, canthaxanthin and astaxanthin. These antioxidants work synergistically with other bioactive compounds in Krill Oil to support peak functioning of the brain, liver, skin, and other organs. One comprehensive study found astaxanthin to be extremely effective at quenching singlet oxygen radicals in membranes.  In another study, astaxanthin was approximately as effective as canthaxanthin and about 50% more effective than beta-carotene and zeaxanthin in preventing fatty acid peroxidation.  A research study performed at Tufts University in Boston found that when astaxanthin or canthaxanthin were added to rat liver microsomes, these antioxidants greatly inhibited radical-initiated lipid peroxidation, equal to that of alpha-tocopherol and to a greater extent than beta-carotene. Astaxanthin has also been shown to protect LDL from oxidation.

Designs for Health's Krill Oil is made using a unique cold-extraction process that converts it into a stable oil. This process protects the lipids from alteration and avoids peroxidation. Our own independent third party testing showed this claim to be accurate - its peroxide value is 0.00, P-Anisidine is 0.1 and its oil stability index is 16! It even proved itself to be free of heavy metals and organohalide pollutants. It passed our test with flying colors! According to the ORAC test, Krill oil is 300 times higher in antioxidant capacity than Vitamins A and E alone.

Improving Allergic and Inflammatory Conditions

Studies consistently demonstrate that marine oil improves morning stiffness and joint tenderness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Researchers believe this therapeutic benefit stems from omega-3's ability to reduce levels of hormone-like compounds called prostaglandins and leukotrienes that aggravate the inflammation associated with rheumatoid arthritis. In addition to rheumatoid arthritis, studies indicate omega-3 essential fatty acids can improve other inflammatory diseases as well, including ulcerative colitis, crohn's disease, eczema, acne, psoriasis and asthma.

New Exciting Research on Krill Oil

A recently published double-blind, controlled, randomized trial on 70 women showed that Krill Oil dramatically improved all emotional PMS symptoms including feeling overwhelmed, anxiety, stress, irritability, and depression. After 45 and 90 days the NKOTM Krill Oil group on 2 g per day, had statistically significant differences in both emotional and physical symptoms including breast tenderness, joint pain and dysmenorrhea. The fish oil group after 90 days only had statistically significant reduction in weight gain, swelling and abdominal pain. (14) Study subjects reported using 50% fewer analgesics on a dose of 2 Krill Oil gelcaps daily. A recent study on 120 human subjects (results to be published) compared the effects of Fish oil vs. Krill Oil on hyperlipidemia. Krill Oil at a dose of 1.5 grams per day was more effective than fish oil at reducing glucose levels, total cholesterol, LDL, Cho1:HDL ratio and at raising HDL levels. A 3 g dose of Krill Oil daily lowered triglyceride levels as well. A mice study showed that Krill Oil can significantly prevent the incidence of skin cancer caused by chronic exposure to UV radiation.

As if that's not enough, Krill Oil also contains sphingomyelin, a component of myelin sheath that surrounds nerve cells. Research on Krill Oil's ability to improve MS and mercury's damage to nerve cells is surely needed.

Safety:
A recent review on the safety of omega-3 fatty acids by the US FDA concluded that a daily intake of EPA and DHA of up to 3 g is GRAS (generally recognized as safe). Dosages as high as 3-8 g of omega-3 fatty acids per day show virtually no significant adverse effects. Safety studies on mice reveal no adverse effects from Krill Oil when given the human equivalent of 9 g of EPA and DHA per day, or 7-11 times the recommended dose for 6 months. 25 adult human volunteers were given 2 gelcaps of Neptune Krill Oi1TM three times per day for 2 months. Each gelcap contains 1 gram of Krill Oil. No serious side effects or negative changes in blood chemistry occurred. Some of the observed benefits include increased ability to concentrate, decreased seasonal allergy symptoms, increased skin hydration, improved hair texture, decreased joint discomfort and minimized PMS emotional and physical symptoms. Krill Oil has been proven safe even at dosages as high as 10 grams per day.

Contraindications
Not to be taken by shrimp allergic individuals. May decrease need for blood thinning medications such as Coumadin or Warfarin. Not recommended prior to surgery.

Krill Oil care supports:

1. healthy brain function
2. healthy liver function
3. healthy LDL, HDL & triglyceride levels
4. nervous, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, reproductive & immune systems
5. modulation of inflammatory response including osteo & rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, crohn's, asthma
6. skin cancer protection
7. antioxidant protection
8. healthy female cycle & menopause optimal omega 3: omega 6 ratio athletic endurance and performance

References:
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Stone NJ, Fish consumption, fish oil: lipids and coronary heart disease. Circulation. 1996;94, 2237-2340.

Von Schacky C, Prophylaxis of Atherosclerosis with marine Omega-3 fatty acids. A comprehensive strategy. Annals Internal Med 107, 890-899. 1987.

Seidelin Kn, Myrup B, and Fischer-Hansen B. N-3 fatty acids in adipose tissue and coronary artery disease are inversely correlated. Am J Clin Nutr 55, 1117-1119. 1992.

Kremer J, er al, Fish oil supplementation in active rheumatoid arthritis: A double blinded, controlled cross-over study. Ann Intern Med. 106, 497-502,1987.

Van tier Temple H, et al, Effects of fish oil supplementation in rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of Rheum Dis 49, 76-80.1990.

Sperling R, et al, Effects of dietary supplementation with marine fish oil on leukocyte lipid mediator generation and function in rheumatoid arthritis. Art Rheum 30, 988-997. 1987.

Urakaze M, Hamazaki T, Soda Y, et al. Infusion of emulsified trieicosapentaenoyl-glycerol into rabbits - the effects on platelet aggregation, polymorphonuclear leuko cyte adhesion, and fatty acid composition in plasma and platelet phospholipids. Throm Res 1986 Dec 1:44-(5): 673-82.

Yamashita N. et al. Inhibition of natural killer cell activity of human lymphocytes by eicosapentaenoic acid. Biochm Biophys Res Comtrnun 1986 Aug 14;138 (3):1058- 67.

Ruggiero-Lopez D. et al. Comparative effects of dietary corn, fish and Krill oils on intestinal glycosylation. Biochem Mot Biol Int 1994 aug;33(5):1001-10.

Di Mascio P, Devasagayam TP, Kaiser S, Sies H. Carotenoids, tocopherols and thiols as biological singlet molecular oxygen quenchers. Biochem Soc Trans. 1990 Dec;18(6):10546.

Cantrell A, McGarvey DJ, Truscott TG, Rancan F, Bohm F Singlet oxygen quenching by dietary carotenoids in a model membrane environment. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2003 Apr 1;412(1):47-54.

Palozza P, Krinsky NI. Astaxanthin and canthaxanthin are potent antioxidants in a membrane model. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1992 Sep;297(2):291-5. Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111-1837.

Sampalis, E, M.D, PhD. et al. Evaluation of the Effects of Neptune Krill OATM on the Management of Premenstrual Syndrome and Dysmenorrhea. Altern Med Rev 2003;8(2)171-179.

Stone, NJ. Fish consumption, fish oil: hpids and coronary heart disease. Circulation 1996;94: 2337-2340.

Simopoulos, AP. Omega 3 fatty acids in health and disease and in growth and development Am J Chn Nutr 1991;54: 438-463.

Saynor R, Verel D, Gillot T. The long term effect of dietary supplementation with fish lipid concentrate on serum lipids, bleeding time, platelets and angina. Atherosclerosis; 1984;50: 3-10